Winston asked:

I am 19 , with -6.25 in the left eye and -7.25 in right. I have been wearing glasses for about 9 to 10 ten years.
What would you recommend? I do boxing as well as other physical activity.

Trudi asked

Hello Dave,
I had my eyes lasered in Dec 2009. My prescription was SPH -4.50 & -5.00. My left eye (which had the worst prescription) is perfect! I have had enhancement surgery on my right though as a slight astigmatism remained. I had enhancement surgery (using the LASEK method this time round) 4 wks ago and the vision is not yet as good as it was after the first surgery, before the enhancement. I am beginning to think I should have lived with the result I had after the first surgery and been grateful. Do you think my eye will heal to at least what it was after the first surgery?

Also, I have regular post-op check-ups with various different opticians (dependant on who’s in on the day of my app) and each tells a different story about healing and drops. I have been told that keeping the eyes wet with blink drops is *very important* to aid healing. I have also been told by another optician that I only need to put drops in when my eye feels dry. What is your view?
Thanks.

Trudi, for the lubrication, I would recommend regular instillation rather than just when they feel dry. The nerves are lasered during the treatment and see the eye is somewhat insensitive for a while, so you may not be aware of some dryness and so not lubricate. Aim for 4-6 times a day over the next couple of months. I prefer the preservative free version (you can buy e.g. Blink or Refresh over the counter at Boots) which will be less irritant with regular usage over an extended period. These are the ones in individual droppers. One vial should last you a day, one drop in each eye every 3-4 hours.

For surface laser correction (PRK/LASEK) the full result can take months to fully settle and the vision is often a bit off at 4 weeks post-op. You should find it will settle more over the next 4-8 weeks.

Amar asked:

You mentioned using mytomycin C for LASEK procedures. Is this generally a safe drug to use on ones corneas? In your opinion, what does a femtosecond laser offer over a microkeratome procedure. Can it be said if one is better than the other? Also, in higher prescriptions, given all other parameters are met including corneal thickness, which flap creation technique would be more advisable. Can both options create buttonholes?
Thank you so much for your help, Amar

Thanks Amar. MMC (mitomycin) appears to be safe. In 2000, Majdamur and colleagues were the first to describe MMC effects on post-PRK and postradial keratotomy subepithelial fibrosis (haze formation). We have not seen significant complications with its use over the past decade and I do use it on eyes where there is greater risk of haze.
I have written plenty on femtosecond lasers and blade keratomes, and you can see those posts under the lasik and safety categories. Both can create buttonholes, but the great advantage of the femotsecond laser is that you can identify the hole without lifting the flap and so get a complication-free healing, which isn’t always the same with a blade cut. In that case, the flap is already lifted by the keratome and there are risks of scarring at the edge of the hole and possible epithelial ingrowth.
Go for the femtosecond flap if you have the option.

Continuing from yesterday:
Some surgeons recommend PRK or LASEK (both forms of surface laser eye treatment and basically the same) over LASIK. The article referred to by Kay in her original post and advocating LASEK was written by ophthalmic surgeon Sunil Shah, who was one of the creators of that particular approach (and so has some personal interest in writing about it one presumes).

One of the very vocal and respected advocates of surface laser (PRK) over keratome LASIK was Professor John Marshall in London, UK, a founding father of laser eye surgery back in the 80s. Prof Marshall argued convincingly that the cornea was considerable stronger after PRK compared to mechanical (thicker flap) keratome LASIK.

However, the game has changed with the introduction of femtosecond lasers with much thinner flaps. Even Professor Marshall now supports the move to thin-flap LASIK using a dual laser, blade-free approach.

So if a clinic cannot offer dual laser LASIK (and many still can’t) they may offer PRK/LASEK instead. There are some clinical reasons to perform PRK instead of LASIK but the percentage of these cases has shrunk from 10-15% down to around 5% today, with dual laser technology. Patients much prefer femto-laser LASIK over PRK, as the latter is fairly unpleasant for a few days post-op.

In summary, there are definite clinical reasons why we as treating clinics have moved over to wavefront LASIK and using a blade-free dual laser approach. More accurate treatments so better vision, removal of an older mechanical device technology and improved long-term safety.

We discussed in the last post about the two options you have: LASIK or PRK (surface laser), and how 90%+ of treatments are done via LASIK.

LASIK comes in two flavours now: blade or blade-free. The older traditional LASIK technique uses a mechanical device containing a blade (called a keratome or microkeratome) to cut a flap during the first part of the procedure. The newer, more advanced method is to use a special laser (known as a femtosecond laser) to create a flap without a blade.

These femtosecond lasers are hugely expensive (about a quarter of a millions pounds each!) so expect to pay more for this technology. Some clinics have not yet invested in femto lasers due to the high cost involved and continue to use a blade.

The benefits of a laser flap over a blade flap are becoming clear: more accurate treatment, better healing of the flap, greater strength in the cornea post-op due to significantly thinner laser flaps and greater residual thickness. Blade flaps have been used for many years and have been proven safe to date, but thinner laser flaps have added better accuracy and strength. You will see a gradual phasing out of blade flaps over laser flaps over the coming few years.

More tomorrow!

You will have a choice of procedures when you come to have laser eye surgery. But which one will be right for you?

Basically though, there are only two laser eye treatment procedures available, but each one has options within.

Option 1: LASIK (the most common and most popular)

Option 2: Surface Laser (with various forms… PRK, LASEK, epiLASIK)

Let’s begin with option 1, LASIK, which is by far the most common laser eye procedure, accounting for more than 90% of all laser vision corrections. Why is it so popular? Well, it is pretty much painless both during and after surgery and great vision is there by the next day. Patients can also work again the next day so very little downtime. This is the procedure that spreads quickly by word-of-mouth due to it’s powerful ‘wow!’ effect. The flip side here is that some patients are cautious about having a corneal flap created with a mechanical blade device and questions around long-term stability of the cornea.

These issues have driven the rapid move over to blade-free (dual laser) LASIK. Here the blade is eliminated in favour of a laser to create the corneal flap and the flaps made are much thinner and more accurate. More on this very soon in the next article.

Next, option 2, Surface Laser, comes in the guises of PRK, LASEK, epiLASIK, epi-flap, etc. At the risk of upsetting some colleagues and equipment suppliers, these are all basically the same procedure! Whichever variation you get, your final vision result will be the same. Some doctors and clinics use different names but there isn’t really a big difference at all. Vision, recovery time, post-operative pain – all the same across the board.

This is the laser eye surgery procedure that is very well remembered by patients… because it is painful for 2-3 days afterwards! And it takes several days for vision to recover. So there is not much word-of-mouth spread, and no ‘wow’ effect. When friends ring up the next day to see how you are doing, you will tell them you can’t see well yet and it really hurts!

So why do some doctors or clinics advocate PRK as the best choice? There is no flap cut hence eliminating blade-related potential complications and the cornea remains stronger compared to the same prescription after a LASIK eye procedure.

OK, enough for now. More on this topic very soon and on how the introduction of thin-flap blade free LASIK changed the game.

Let’s look at the second of Carlo’s questions on laser eye surgery:

My name is Carlo and I have recently discovered this great blog. I would like to ask a couple of questions regarding eye surgery:
Question: Is it true that the LASIK procedure has not been approved for air-force pilots and astronauts in the US but PRK and LASEK has?

No, this is not true.

LASIK was approved for use on consumers a decade ago and reportedly more than 11 million LASIK procedures have been performed in the US. This means LASIK laser eye surgery is the most-common American elective surgical procedure.

NASA has approved LASIK for use on pilots, mission and payload specialists who face extreme and often physically demanding conditions in space. The all-laser LASIK technologies, using a blade free femtosecond laser approach, have also been cleared for U.S. military personnel, including most recently Air Force pilots.

“NASA’s approval is further evidence that today’s LASIK exceeds all established standards of safety and effectiveness,” said Steven Schallhorn, M.D., retired captain of the U.S. Navy.

Though LASIK has been around for a long time, concerns about the harsh environment in aviation prevented its use. To date, aero-medical professionals have been cautious of employing the procedure on military pilots who often encounter environmental extremes such as high altitude, dry air, wind exposure and “G” forces. In space, other conditions further add even higher levels of concern due to the very high level of precision needed during flight and space walks.

Defense Department’s research into laser vision correction included the following results:

# In a study of different methods to create the LASIK flap, 370 naval personnel underwent bilateral (both eyes) wavefront-guided LASIK with either the femtosecond laser (blade free) or microkeratome blade. One week after surgery more than 76 percent of femtosecond laser patients achieved an uncorrected visual acuity of at least 20/16 (better than 20/20) compared to only 58 percent of microkeratome patients

# In an evaluation of 785 pilots, 89% of Navy aviators evaluated their ability to land on an aircraft carrier as moderately to significantly better after laser eye surgery. None said it was worse after treatment

# A separate study determined that over 90 percent of marksmen had improvement in marksmanship skills after laser eye surgery; an impressive finding given the visual precision of marksmen

LASIK, particularly blade free femtosecond LASIK, appears to have established itself as a very effective and reliable procedure. The move from blade to laser blade free has allowed another significant improvement in results (now targeting better than 20/20 as a standard of care) according to the above research findings.

I recently received this email with a couple of great questions:

My name is Carlo and I have recently discovered this great blog. I would like to ask a couple of questions regarding eye surgery:

a) Can the creation of a flap in the eye potentially lead to problems? Should PRK and LASEK be better in the long run for patients?
b) Is it true that the LASIK procedure has not been approved for air-force pilots and astronauts in the US but PRK and LASEK has?

There is a lot of confusion on the web about those issues. Could you spend some time clarifying that?

Let’s look at the first question now and I will address the second in a subsequent posting.
The majority of surgeons use the LASIK technique, where a thin flap is created in the top part of the cornea before applying the vision correction laser. More than 90% of laser eye surgery procedures are LASIK rather than surface laser treatments (PRK or LASEK).

There has not been any research to show signifiant differences in results between LASIK and PRK for short sight so whichever you choose to have, the final outcome will be the same. However, for long sight or reading vision correction, LASIK appears to give a more stable results and this is my preferred method for these types of prescription.

But let’s stay with short sight for the moment, where the vision and stability are not affected by the choice of procedure. It then comes down to safety. I personally used to prefer PRK over LASIK due to the small but measurable complications arising from using a blade to cut a flap. At that time, when I asked myself which procedure I would have, it would have been PRK.

However, with the arrival of the very safe and predictable laser flap makers (femtosecond lasers) I no longer subscribe to that view and would personally now choose to have all-laser LASIK. The femtosecond lasers create a very predictable and thin flap time after time, with greater precision and safety than the mechanical keratomes could. Early research also shows improved vision results, especially in reaching the very high target of better than 20/20 vision.

You still need an expert surgeon and a very thorough examination and consultation because there are points we can detect which do predict a bigger chance of having a problem in the long term. Such patients need to be screened out of the LASIK or PRK process and should not have surgery.

So choose an expert centre with an expert surgeon and you will have a safe and predictable experience and result. You can comfortably opt for LASIK over PRK/LASEK without worries for the long term.

Certainly, patients much prefer LASIK as vision is very good within a few hours (even quicker with our Z-LASIK approach) and they can be back at work the next day, rather than needing to take several days off work. Also, most patients find PRK or LASEK to be a pretty painful experience for 2-3 days after correction (the procedure itself is painless).

Optimax, one of the UK’s big 3 laser eye chains, has made a significant price hike for their wavefront LASIK treatment, the UK’s most popular type of vision correction.

Patients will now pay an additional £480 to have both eyes correct with blade free wavefront LASIK. Bilateral (both eyes) treatment has risen from £2,890 in August last year up to £3,370 today.

One of the big changes in the laser eye treatment industry is the battle for a low headline price. Optical Express lead the way with a “from £395” price headline with a huge marketing campaign across the UK. Optical Express have raced ahead over the past few years and now do more treatments than any other UK laser provider.

Optimax has responded to the challenge by dropping their headline price to match OE’s at £395 per eye (Epi-LASEK).

However, you have to look closely to see what is on offer. For Optimax, £395 will not get you either LASIK or superior wavefront vision correction. For that you will have to pay £1,290. The £395 headline is for non-wavefront surface laser which lacks the comfort and rapid recovery that makes the LASIK procedure the most popular amongst patients.

And if you want the advanced blade free Intralase laser rather than a blade, there is an additional £395 (up from £300 per eye last year) to make an Optimax price of £1,685 per eye or £3,370 for both eyes.

Optimax prices in blue as of April 30th 2008. You can compare to prices from August last year just below, in green. You can see how all prices have risen, except for the Epi-LASEK entry price of £395 per eye, which does not include wavefront advanced optics.

A complaint we hear from LASIK patient is just how much more the price escalates to once you attend for a consultation, above the advertised ‘from’ price.

As I wrote about in a recent post, Ultralase have also raised their prices to £1.945 per eye for blade free wavefront LASIK vision correction.

Both Optimax and Ultralase charge a fixed fee for all prescriptions, while Optical Express have a sliding scale based upon the strength of the prescription glasses correction required; the worse the vision, the higher the cost.

The patient attending Optical Express will find typically 3 jumps in price:

1. Additional cost for a prescription above the mild prescription of the headline price
2. Additional cost for wavefront correction ( an upgrade issued back in 2002 by VISX)
3. Additional cost for Intralase blade free dual laser correction

So overall, the UK trend is to offer a low headline price, while actual LASIK prices are on the increase.

I should add here, humbly, that FOCUS Laser Vision prices are against the trend, and we have lowered our advanced blade free wavefront correction price to the best available in the UK. However, we are a specialist clinic serving London and the South-East and without a nationwide footprint. Sorry to the rest of the UK! Blade free ‘Intralase-type’ wavefront LASIK starts at £595 per eye and most patients are not spending much more than around £1,000 per eye for this advanced treatment at FOCUS. OK, personal plug over!

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What is the difference in the two laser eye surgery procedures?
There are basically two laser refractive procedures to correct myopia (short sight), hyperopia (long sight) and astigmatism: 1) LASIK and 2) LASEK. [You can consider LASEK and PRK as basically the same procedure for most discussions - they are both forms of 'surface' laser eye surgery with pretty much identical results].

Both LASIK and LASEK procedures are very safe and will give you the same final results. It can be quite confusing if you are thinking about laser vision correction and want to know which procedure would be best for you. While both LASIK and LASEK can give you excellent vision in a safe and reliable way, some surgeons prefer one or the other, or may indeed only offer one type anyway!

How is the prospective patient supposed to decide?!
What happens in practice is that patients are greatly influenced by what their particular clinician says, and understandably so. It is always worth seeking a second opinion and comparing the findings and comments of each centre. This shouldn’t threaten any clinic worth its salt. Some patients feel more confident with one person or another, based on perhaps only “chemistry”, but it is very important to know the difference in the techniques.
LASIK and LASEK are both very effective procedures and can be used to treat myopia (short sight), myopia myopia(long sight), astigmatism (irregular corneal shape) and reading vision problems.
Please note that most clinics do not have the correct technology required to correct reading vision problems and higher levels of long sight.

[tags]astigmatism, FOCUS Laser Vision, LASEK, laser eye surgery, LASIK, long sight, short sight, surgeon, Technology[/tags]

You can hear Bella Roberts talking with me just 24 hours after her breakthrough Z-LASIK laser eye treatment. You can read more about Z-LASIK in my previous posts, and compare to Bella talking about her LASIK just before having the surgery!

Why have Z-LASIK all-laser eye treatment? Why have FOCUS Laser Vision spent more than £300,000 on this next generation laser technology, when a mechanical bladed microkeratome is only(!) £30,000? The answer. Safety, accuracy and vision results.

Femtosecond lasers have been shown to be more accurate, safer and give better vision results for LASIK laser eye surgery. Many UK clinics have installed the Intralase femtosecond laser as up until now it has been the only game in town. That will change now the Ziemer LDV has arrived. So watch this space!

Z-LASIK laser eye treatment at FOCUS Laser Vision in London starts at £595 per eye.

[tags] femtosecond, Z-LASIK, Ziemer, FOCUS Laser Vision, Intralase, LASEK, laser eye surgery, LASIK, long sight, longsight, PRK, short sight, shortsight, surgeon, technology [/tags]

Z-LASIK laser eye treatment has arrived in London. The first procedure happened at FOCUS Laser Vision on Thursday January 17th 2008. Yours truly was the surgeon behind the wheel. I did 12 Z-LASIK treatments and by the next day every patient could see better than 20/20! It’s a pretty amazing technology.Bella Roberts was the first patient to see the difference (pun fully intended!). Bella is 33 and a mother of three. She was quite badly short sighted and has used glasses for most of her life. She had been pretty nervous about laser eye surgery, whether PRK or LASIK, but was convinced by the new Swiss technology and put herself forward as the first ever patient to get Z-LASIK in the UK.You can see Bella talking about her vision and how she feels, just 20 minutes before she gets the op!Z-LASIK uses a new laser to create the flap in the first part of the LASIK procedure, instead of a blade as in traditional LASIK. Getting rid of the blade eliminates many of the main risks from LASIK, when formerly the flap was cut with a fine blade.Treatments start from £595 per eye for all-laser blade free Z-LASIK.

[tags] femtosecond, Ziemer, Intralase, astigmatism, LASEK, laser eye surgery, LASIK, long sight, PRK, short sight [/tags]

Video showing a very brief overview of the PRK surface laser procedure, as well as covering short sight, long sight and astigmatism. LASIK remains the most popular laser eye surgery procedure worldwide. In Italy, though, surface laser (PRK, LASEK) is very popular.

Follow this blog for regular updates on what is happening in the LASIK world.You can sign up for the feed for blog postings, podcasts and webcasts on what is going on in the world of laser eye surgery (LASIK, LASEK and PRK). Find out if LASIK or another procedure is right for you.

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